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Anonymous Remailer FAQ
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1996-05-11
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From: abacard@crl.com (Andre Bacard)
Newsgroups: alt.privacy.anon-server,alt.privacy,alt.anonymous
Subject: Anonymous Remailer FAQ
Date: 19 Mar 1996 22:46:05 -0800
Organization: CRL Dialup Internet Access (415) 705-6060 [Login: guest]
Lines: 243
Message-ID: <4io9jd$e7r@crl10.crl.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: crl10.crl.com
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
*** Frequently Asked Questions About Anonymous Remailers ***
by
Andre Bacard, Author of
"Computer Privacy Handbook"
[FAQ Updated October 25, 1995]
[Links at http://www.well.com/user/abacard]
=================================================================
This article offers a nontechnical overview of "anonymous" and
"pseudo-anonymous" remailers to help you decide whether to use these
computer services to enhance your privacy. I have written this especially
for persons with a sense of humor. You may distribute this (unaltered)
FAQ for non-commercial purposes.
=================================================================
What is a remailer?
A remailer is computer service that privatizes your e-mail. A
remailer allows you to send electronic mail to a Usenet news group
or to a person without the recipient knowing your name or your
e-mail address. To date, all popular remailers are free-of-charge.
Why would YOU use remailers?
Maybe you're a computer engineer who wants to express opinions about
computer products, opinions that your employer might hold against
you. Possibly you live in a community that is violently intolerant
of your social, political, or religious views. Perhaps you're
seeking employment via the Internet and you don't want to jeopardize
your present job. Possibly you want to place personal ads. Perchance
you're a whistle-blower afraid of retaliation. Conceivably you feel
that, if you criticize your government, Big Brother will monitor
you. Maybe you don't want people "flaming" your corporate e-mail
address. In short, there are many legitimate reasons why you, a law
abiding person, might use remailers.
How does a remailer work?
Let's take an example. A popular Internet remailer is run by Johan
Helsingius, President of a Helsinki, Finland company that helps
businesses connect to the Internet. His "an@anon.penet.fi" addresses
are common in controversial news groups. Suppose you read a post
from a battered woman <an123@anon.penet.fi> crying out for help. You
can write her at <an123@anon.penet.fi>. Helsingius' computer will
STRIP AWAY your real name and address (the header at the top of your
e-mail), replace this data with a dummy address, and forward your
message to the battered woman. Helsingius' computer will notify you
of your new anonymous address; e.g., <an345@anon.penet.fi>. You can
use Helsingius' free service to forward letters to anyone, even to
persons who do not use his service. His computer sends each user
detailed instructions about his system.
Are there many remailers?
Currently, there are a couple dozen PUBLIC remailers that anyone can
use free-of-charge. [There are also a few specialized remailers that
allow users to post only in specific Usenet groups. I will not
discuss this latter type]. Remailers tend to come and go. First,
they require equipment and labor to set up and maintain; second,
they produce zero revenue.
Why are remailers free?
There is a simple answer. How can remailer administrators charge
people who want maximum privacy? Administrators can't ask for a
credit card number or take checks.
In the future, remailer operators might charge for their services.
Privacy is valuable. For example, offshore banking is one of the
world's biggest businesses. It is easy to imagine Remailer, ETC.,
a cyberspace company that goes beyond Mailbox, ETC. (the existing
company which rents rents snailmail boxes). Already, Community
ConneXion in Berkeley rents ANONYMOUS home pages and offers
ANONYMOUS e-mail accounts. In order for remailers to become
commercial on a big scale, anonymous payment systems such as
DigiCash must become popular. There are other issues, pro and con,
beyond the scope of this FAQ.
Why do people operate remailers, if not for money?
People set up remailers for their own personal usage, which they may
or may not care to share with the rest of us. Joshua Quittner,
co-author of the high-tech thriller Mother's Day, interviewed Mr.
Helsingius for Wired magazine. Helsingius said:
"It's important to be able to express certain views without
everyone knowing who you are. One of the best examples was the
great debate about Caller ID on phones. People were really
upset that the person at the receiving end would know who was
calling. On things like telephones, people take for granted
the fact that they can be anonymous if they want to and they
get really upset if people take that away. I think the same
thing applies for e- mail."
"Living in Finland, I got a pretty close view of how things
were in the former Soviet Union. If you actually owned a
photocopier or even a typewriter there you would have to
register it and they would take samples of what your
typewriter would put out so they could identify it later.
That's something I find so appalling. The fact that you have
to register every means of providing information to the public
sort of parallels it, like saying you have to sign everything
on the Net. We always have to be able to track you down".
What is the difference between a "pseudo-anonymous" and an "anonymous"
remailer?
Note: Most people use the expression "anonymous remailer" as short
hand for both types of remailers. This causes confusion!
A "PSEUDO-anonymous" remailer is basically an account that you open
with a remailer operator. Anon.penet.fi (described above) is a
PSEUDO-anonymous remailer. This means that Julf, the operator, and
his assistants KNOW your real e-mail address. Your privacy is as
good as Julf's power and integrity to protect your records. Think
of a PSEUDO-anonymous remailer as a SOMEWHAT anonymous remailer. In
practice, what does this mean? Someone might get a court order to
force a PSEUDO-anonymous remailer operator to reveal your true
identity. The Finnish police forced Julf to reveal at least one
person's true identity.
The advantage of most PSEUDO-anonymous remailers is that they are
user-friendly. If you can send e-mail, you can probably understand
PSEUDO anonymous remailers. The price you pay for ease of use is
less security.
Truly ANONYMOUS remailers are a different animal. The good news...
They provide much more privacy than PSEUDO anonymous remailers. The
bad news... They are much harder to use than their PSEUDO anonymous
cousins.
There are basically two types of ANONYMOUS remailers. They are
called "Cypherpunk remailers" and Lance Cottrell's "Mixmaster
remailers". Note that I refer to remailers in the plural. If you
want maximum privacy, you should send your message through two or
more remailers. If done properly, you can insure that NOBODY (no
remailer operator or any snoop) can read both your real name and
your message. This is the real meaning of ANONYMOUS. In practice,
nobody can force an ANONYMOUS remailer operator to reveal your
identity, because the operator has NO CLUE who you are!
Cypherpunk and Mixmaster remailer families are too technical to
describe in this short FAQ. You can get links to technical details
by checking the Anonymous Remailer FAQ at my web site:
from http://www.well.com/user/abacard
What makes an "ideal" remailer?
An "ideal" remailer is: (a) Easy to use. (b) Run by a reliable
individual whose system actually does what it promises. In addition,
this person should have the computer expertise to take prudent steps
to safeguard your privacy from civilian or government hackers. (c)
Able to forward your messages in a timely manner. By "timely" I mean
minutes or hours. (d) Holds your messages for a RANDOM time before
forwarding them. This time lag makes it harder for snoops to link
a message that arrives at, say, 3:00 P.M. with a message that leaves
your machine at, say, 2:59 P.M. (e) Permits (better yet encourages!)
PGP encryption software. If a remailer does NOT permit PGP (Pretty
Good Privacy), reasonable people might assume that the remailer
administrator enjoys reading forwarded mail.
What makes a responsible remailer user?
A responsible user: (a) Sends text files of a reasonable length.
Binary files take too much transmission time. (b) Transmits files
selectively. Remailers are NOT designed to send "You Can Get Rich"
chain letters or other junk mail.
Who are irresponsible remailer users?
Here is a quote from one remailer administrator:
"This remailer has been abused in the past, mostly by users
hiding behind anonymity to harass other users. I will take
steps to squish users who do this. Lets keep the net a
friendly and productive place.... Using this remailer to send
death threats is highly obnoxious. I will reveal your return
address to the police if you do this."
Legitimate remailer administrators will NOT TOLERATE harassment or
criminal activity. Report any such incidents to the remailer
administrator.
How safe are remailers? [for paranoids only :-)]
For most low-security tasks, such as responding to personal ads,
PSEUDO anonymous remailers with passcode protection are undoubtedly
safer than using real e-mail addresses. However, all the best made
plans of mice and men have weaknesses. Suppose, for example, that
you are a government employee, who just discovered that your boss
is taking bribes. Is it safe to use a PSEUDO anonymous remailer to
send evidence to a government whistleblower's e-mail hot line? Here
are a few points to ponder:
(a) The person who runs your e-mail system might intercept your
secret messages to and from the remailer. This gives him proof that
YOU are reporting your corrupt boss. This evidence could put you in
danger.
(b) Maybe the remailer is a government sting operation or a criminal
enterprise designed to entrap people. The person who runs this
service might be your corrupt boss' partner.
(c) Hackers can do magic with computers. It's possible that civilian
or Big Brother hackers have broken into the remailer (unbeknownst
to the remailer's administrator), and that they can read your
messages at will.
(d) It is possible that Big Brother collects, scans, and stores all
messages, including passcodes, into and out of the remailer.
For these reasons, hard-core privacy people are leery of PSEUDO
anonymous remailers. These people use Cypherpunk or Mixmaster
programs that route their messages through several ANONYMOUS
remailers. This way only the first remailer knows their real
address, and the first remailer cannot know the final destination
of the e-mail message. In addition, they PGP encrypt all messages.
Remailer Technical Info and Software
You can link up to technical remailer material, including the
software, by visiting the Anonymous Remailer FAQ at my Web site
[address below].
Andre, have you written other privacy-related FAQs?
I'm circulating an (1) Anonymous Remailer FAQ, (2) E-Mail
Privacy FAQ, (3) (Non-Technical) PGP FAQ for Novices, and (4)
ALPHA.C2.ORG Remailer FAQ. To get these FAQs,
Visit my WEB site: http://www.well.com/user/abacard
Or send me this e-mail: To: abacard@well.com
Subject: Help
Message: [Ignored]
======================================================================
abacard@well.com Bacard wrote "The Computer Privacy
Stanford, California Handbook" [Intro by Mitchell Kapor].
"Playboy" Interview (see below) Published by Peachpit Press, (800)
http://www.well.com/user/abacard 283-9444, ISBN # 1-56609-171-3.
=======================================================================